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Feeder Amber
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Cab, Aesop Rock, Mr. T Experience, The Flipside (4 boys in this band are FTSK), Dr. Acula, Maylene and the sons of Disaster, Maximum the Hormone, MC Chris. I can make a bigger list if you want, but theres some things that cover a large haha much gender

Feeder Amber

Micro-organism

History
Evolution
More information: Timeline of evolution
unicellular organisms have been the first life forms to develop on Earth, about 34 million years. The subsequent development was slow, and about 3 million years in the Precambrian eon, all organisms are microscopic. Thus, most of the history of life on Earth the only forms of life were microorganisms. Bacteria, algae and fungi have been identified in orange, is 220 million years, showing that the morphology of micro-organisms has changed little since the Triassic period.
The Most microorganisms can reproduce rapidly and microbes such as bacteria can also exchange genes freely by conjugation, transformation and transduction between very distant species. This horizontal gene transfer, with a high mutation rate and many other means of genetic allows microorganisms to evolve rapidly (by natural selection) to survive in new environments and respond environmental constraints. This rapid evolution is important in medicine because it led to the recent creation of "super bug" bacteria pathogens resistant to modern antibiotics.
Pre-Microbiology
The possibility that micro-organisms are discussed for many centuries before their actual discovery in the 17 century. The first known idea to indicate the possible spread of diseases of organs ever seen was that of the scholar Terentius Varro Mark Roman in the first century BC book called De Agricultura which warns against the location of a farm near Marsh:
and because there are some creatures are high one minute can not be seen through the eyes, floating in the air and into the body through the mouth and nose and not cause serious illness.
In the Canon of Medicine (1020), Ab Al Ibn Sn (Avicenna) stated that the secretion body is contaminated due to the lack of foreign land before being infected. In addition, the hypothesis that tuberculosis and other diseases can be contagious, ie were infectious diseases, and used quarantine to limit its spread.
When the plague plague black plague came to Andalusia in Spain, in the age 14, Ibn Khatim wrote that infectious diseases were caused by contagious "small bodies "which enter the human body. Later, in 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases were caused by entities seedlike transferable which can transmit the infection through direct contact or indirect contact or even without contact distance.
All these statements at the beginning of the existence of microorganisms were speculative and not based on fact or science. Microorganisms were neither proven observed, and correct and accurately described until the 17th century. The reason is that all these early studies were not the microscope.
History of discovery micro-organisms "
See also: History of biology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first microbiologist and the first to observe micro-organisms under a microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope of his own design, and became one the most important contributions to biology. Robert Hooke was the first to use a microscope to observe living things, his book contained descriptions 1665 Micrographia plant cells.
Before the discovery of microorganisms Leeuwenhoek in 1675, had been a mystery why grapes could be processed into wine, milk into cheese, or why the food spoil. Leeuwenhoek did not make the connection between these processes and microorganisms, but the use a microscope showed that there were ways of life that were not visible to the naked eye view. Leeuwenhoek's discovery, and subsequent observations by Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur, ended the longstanding belief that life arose spontaneously from non-substances Living in the deterioration process.
Lazzaro Spallanzani found that the broth to sterilize it and kill any body. He also found that New Organisms could not be established in a stock if the stock is exposed to air. Louis Pasteur, Spallanzani expanded results by broth evidence slurry to air in vessels that contained a filter to prevent all particles passing through the middle, and vessels with no filter at all, with air to be admitted in a curved pipe would not allow dust particles that come into contact with the broth. By boiling broth beforehand, Pasteur ensured that no microorganisms survived within the broths at the beginning of the experiment. Nothing grew in the broths as part of the experience of Pasteur. This meant that organisms which grew in such broths came from outside, as spores in the dust rather than spontaneous generation in the broth. Thus, Pasteur dealt the death blow to the theory of spontaneous generation and supported germ theory.
In 1767, Dr. JZ Holwell reported that Indian doctors at the time knew that microbes caused disease, "I give as a principle, that the immediate cause of smallpox exists in the deadliest of all human and animal forms that mediation (or second) case, which is the first, and throws in a state of fermentation, a multitude of invisible animalcules floating in the atmosphere, they are the result of all epidemic diseases, but especially of smallpox. "
In 1876, Robert Koch established that microbes can cause disease. Find the blood of cattle have been infected with anthrax always had large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. Koch noted that anthrax can be transmitted from one animal to another, take a small blood sample from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy environment, and what is healthy animal sick. He also discovered that bacteria can develop a nutrient broth, and then injected into a healthy animal and cause disease. In these experiments, designed to establish criteria a causal link between a microbe and a disease and it is now known as Koch's postulates. Despite these assumptions can be applied in all cases, they have a historic importance of developing scientific thinking and are still used today.
Classification and Structure
evolutionary tree showing the common ancestor of all three domains of life. Bacteria are colored blue, eukaryotes red, green and archaea. Positions for some phyla are shown around the tree.
Micro-organisms can be found almost anywhere in the taxonomic organization of life on the planet. most bacteria and archaea are almost always microscopic, while also a number of microscopic eukaryotes, including protists, some fungi and certain animals and plants. Viruses are generally considered non-life and therefore are not microbes, although the field microbiology also encompasses the study of viruses.
Prokaryotes
Main article: Prokaryote
Prokaryotes are organisms that have no cell nucleus and other membranous organelles. Are almost always unicellular, although some species such as myxobacteria aggregates complex structures may, as part of their life cycle.
It consists of two domains, bacteria and archaea, prokaryotes are the group most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth and live in almost any environment where liquid water is available and the temperature is below 140 C. It is in the water sea, soil, air, animal gastrointestinal tract, hot springs and even well below the earth's crust in rocks. Virtually all areas that have not specifically covered by sterilized prokaryotes. The number of prokaryotes on Earth is estimated at around five million trillion trillion, or 5 1030, representing at least half of the biomass on Earth.
Bacteria
Main article: Bacteria
Staphylococcus bacteria aureus magnified about 10,000 x
The bacteria are virtually invisible to the naked eye, with very few exceptions, such as namibiensis Thiomargarita. Lack membrane bound organelles, and can work and play individual cells, but often added in multicellular colonies. Its genome is generally a single loop of DNA, but may also contain small pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids can be transferred between cells through to bacterial conjugation. The bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall that provides strength and rigidity of their cells. They reproduce by fission or by budding at times, but not to undergo sexual reproduction. Some species form extraordinarily resilient spores, but for bacteria is a survival mechanism, not reproduction. Under optimal conditions bacteria can grow very quickly and can double as before every 10 minutes.
Archaea
Main article: Archaea
Archaea are single-celled organisms that lack nuclei. In the past, differences between bacteria and archaea are not recognized and archaea were classified with bacteria in the kingdom Monera. However, in 1990, the microbiologist Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system that divided living bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Archaea differ from bacteria, both genetics and biochemistry. For example, while the cell membranes of bacteria are phosphoglycerides with ester bonds, the membranes are curved ether lipids.
Archaea were originally described in extreme environments like hot springs, but have since been found in all habitat types. Scientists are just beginning to realize the Archaea are common in the environment, Crenarchaeota are the most current of life at sea, dominating ecosystems below 150 m depth. These organizations also are common in soil and play an essential role in the oxidation ammonia.
Eukaryotic
Ostreococcus is the smallest known free living eukaryote with an average size of 0.8 m
Main article: Eukaryote
Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. No. But a large number of eukaryotes are also micro-organisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in cells. The nucleus is an organelle where the DNA is the genome of a cell. DNA complex is organized into chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles essential in metabolism as they are on the site of citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Its evolution from symbiotic bacteria and maintain genome remains. Like bacteria, plant cells have cell walls and organelles such as chloroplasts contain more organelles in eukaryotes. Chloroplasts produce energy from light through photosynthesis, and were also originally symbiotic bacteria.
unicellular eukaryotes are eukaryotes, which consist of a single cell throughout their life cycle. This qualification is important because most eukaryotic multicellular include a single cell called zygote at the beginning of its life cycle. microbial eukaryotes are haploid or diploid, and some agencies have multiple nuclei (See coenocyte). However, all micro-organisms are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that some are made of many cells.
Protists
Main Article: Protists
For groups of eukaryotic protists are most commonly unicellular and microscopic. It is a very diverse group organizations that are not easy to classify. Several algae species are multicellular protists, and clay molds have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular and multicellular colonial. The number of species of protozoa is uncertain because it may have identified only a small proportion of diversity within this group of organisms.
A microscopic mite Lorryia formosa.
Pets
Main article: Micro-animals
Above all multicellular animals, but some are too small to be seen by the naked eye. mites are microscopic arthropods and mites. microscopic crustaceans include copepods and cladocerans, while nematodes are too small to be visible to the naked eye. Another common group of animals microscopic rotifers, which are filter feeders that are usually found in freshwater. Micro-animals reproduce both sexually and asexually and may reach new habitats as eggs that survive harsh environments to kill the adult animal. No. However, some simple animals like rotifers and nematodes, can dry completely and remain dormant for long periods of time.
Mushrooms
Section Home: Fungus
The unicellular fungi have several species such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Some fungi, including pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, can undergo phenotypic changes and grow as single cells in some places, and other filamentous hyphae. The fungi reproduce asexually, by fission or budding and the production of spores called conidia when produced on a asexual, or when they occur sexual basidiospores.
Plants
Main article: Plant
Green algae are an important group of eukaryotic photosynthetic include many microscopic organisms. Although some green algae are classified as protists, others are classified as plants Embryophytes charophytes, which are the best known group of land plants. Algae can grow as single cells or in long chains of cells. Green algae are unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell and colonial coccoid, and forms filamentous. Charales in which the algae are most closely related to the upper floors, the cells differentiate into several different tissues in the body. There are about 6000 species of green algae.
Habitats and ecology
Micro-organisms are present in almost all habitats found in nature. Even in hostile environments, such as the poles, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some types of micro-organisms have adapted extreme conditions and sustained colonies, these organisms are called extremophiles. Extremophiles have been isolated from rocks to 7 km below the surface of the Earth, it was suggested that the amount below the living organisms on the Earth's surface may be comparable to the amount life equal to or greater than the surface. Extremophiles are known to survive for long periods in space, and can be very resistant to radiation, allowing them to even survive in space. Many types of microorganisms have intimate symbiotic relationship with other large organizations, some of which are mutually beneficial (mutualism), while others may be harmful to the host body (parasitism). If microorganisms can cause disease in host are known as pathogens.
Extremophiles
Main article: extremophiles
Extremophiles are microorganisms that have adapted so they can survive and even thrive in conditions normally fatal to most lifestyles. For example, some species have been found in extreme environments as follows:
Temperature: up to 130 C (266 F), as low as 17 ° C (1.4 F)
Acidity / Alkalinity: pH less than 0, up to pH 11.5
Salinity: saturation
Pressure: up to 0 atm 1000-2000 atm (eg vacuum of space)
Radiation: up 5kGy
Extremophiles are important in several respects. They extend terrestrial life in much of the hydrosphere of the Earth's crust and atmosphere, their specific mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation to the extreme environment can be exploited in biotechnology, and their very existence under such extreme conditions increases the possibilities extraterrestrial life.
Soil microbes
The nitrogen cycle in soil depends on the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. One way may occur is at the root nodules of legumes that contain symbiotic bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium.
Microbes symbiotic
Symbiotic microbes such as fungi and algae are an association of lichen. Some fungi form a symbiotic relationship with trees mycorhizzal increase the supply of nutrients to the tree.
Importance
Microorganisms are essential to humans and the environment, and participating in cycles of the Earth elements such as carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle, and performing other vital functions in virtually all ecosystems, such as recycling remains of other dead organisms and waste products through decomposition. Microbes also have an important place in most agencies as higher order multicellular symbionts. Many blame the failure of Biosphere 2 on an improper balance of microbes.
Use in food
Main article: Fermentation (food)
Micro-organisms are used in brewing, wine, baked goods, stripping and Other food-making.
They also are used to control the fermentation process in the production of cultured dairy products, as yogurt and cheese. Cultures as the flavor and aroma, and inhibit unwanted organisms.
Used in water treatment
Article Detailed: wastewater treatment
specially cultured microbes are used in the biological treatment of wastewater effluent and industrial a process known as bioaugmentation.
The use of energy
Main Products: fuel from algae, ethanol cellulose and ethanol fermentation
The microbes used in fermentation to produce ethanol and biogas reactors to produce methane. The Scientists are investigating the use of algae to produce liquid fuels and bacteria to convert different types of agricultural and urban waste fuels usable.
The use of science
Microbes are also essential tools in biotechnology, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) are important model organisms in science because they are simple eukaryotes that can be grown rapidly in large quantities and handled with ease. They are particularly useful in genetics, genomics and proteomics. Microbes can be harnessed for uses such as creating steroids and treating skin diseases. Scientists are also considering using microbes for living fuel cells and as a solution to pollution.
The use in war
Main article: Biological warfare
In the Middle Ages, diseased organs were thrown over the seats of the castle with catapults or gear seat. People close to the body were exposed to the deadly pathogen and it is likely that the speech of other pathogens.
Importance of human health
digestion of human
More information: the bacterial flora # Human Rights and Health human
Microorganisms can form an endosymbiotic relationship with other key agencies. For example, bacteria that live inside the human digestive system contribute to gut immunity, synthetic vitamins such as folic acid and biotin, and ferment non-digestible complex carbohydrates.
Diseases and Immunology
Main article: Pathogenic microbes
Microorganisms are the cause of many infectious diseases. The organisms involved include pathogenic bacteria, which diseases such as plague, tuberculosis and coal, protozoa, causing diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness and toxoplasmosis, and fungal diseases that cause as ringworm, candidiasis or histoplasmosis. However, other diseases such as influenza, yellow fever or AIDS are caused by pathogenic viruses, not usually regarded as living organisms and therefore are not micro-organisms in the strict definition. Since 2007, no clear examples of archaeal pathogens are known, Although the relationship is proposed between the presence of certain bacteria methanogens and human periodontal disease.
Importance of ecology
More information: Decomposition
Microbes are essential for the decomposition process necessary for the nitrogen cycle and other items to the natural world.
Hygiene
Article: Hygiene
Hygiene is the prevention of infection or food spoiling by eliminating microorganisms from the environment. As micro-organisms, particularly bacteria, are almost everywhere, which means in most cases, the reduction of micro-organisms to acceptable levels. However, in some cases require that an object or substance completely sterile, ie devoid of all entities and live virus. This is a good example of a hypodermic needle.
Micro-organisms in food preparation are reduced by the methods conservation (for example, the addition of vinegar) cleaning utensils used in the preparation, storage or short periods of cool temperatures. If complete sterility is needed, the two common methods are irradiation and the use of an autoclave, which resembles a pressure cooker.
There are several methods to study the level of hygiene in a food sample, drinking water, equipment, samples etc. Water can be filtered through a fine filter. This filter is placed in a nutrient medium. Micro-organisms in the filter then grow to form a visible colony. can detect harmful microorganisms in foods by placing a sample in a nutrient broth enrichment for organizations that issue. Various methods such as selective media or PCR, can be used for detection. The hygiene of hard surfaces such as pots, you can try playing with a piece of nutrient medium and then allowing the microorganisms that grow there.
There are no conditions under which all organisms grow, and therefore often several different methods are needed. For example, a food sample can be analyzed in three different nutrients media designed to indicate the presence of "total" bacteria (conditions where many bacteria, but not all), mussels (in under conditions that inhibit the growth of bacteria such as antibiotics) and coliform bacteria (which indicates a sewage contamination).
View also
Biological warfare
Biology
Culture collection
Microbial intelligence
Nanobacterium
Petri dish
Prokaryotes
Land Pollution
Staining
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Mushrooms
References
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External Links
Our Planet microbial A free poster of the National Academy of Sciences about the positive role microbes.
"Uncharted Microbial World: The microbes and their activities on the environment "Report of the American Academy of Microbiology
Learn microbial world: The new science Metagenomics of a 20-page booklet gives an overview of basic education microbial metagenomics and our planet.
Eukaryotic Tree of Life
Microbe Genome News Network News
Patent microbes microbes patents list
Online Medical Microbiology textbook
With microscope: A look at all the little things microbiology manuals online by Timothy Paustian and Gary Roberts, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Bacteria online identification keys and identification databases MicrobeID.com probabilistic
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